The Words a Minimum Separator Can Live Without
TL;DR for operators A vocabulary that perfectly distinguishes sampled human and AI-generated texts need not contain individually indispensable words. In 272 feature-removal tests across 19 instances with certified minimum separators, researchers found 113 mandatory words, 151 replaceable words, and eight unresolved cases. The study develops exact optimization methods that establish not only whether a small separating vocabulary works, but whether its size is minimal and whether individual words are necessary. Branch-and-Benders-Cut performs particularly well on the tested text instances, although other methods lead on different optimization metrics. ...