Bilevel Optimization

TL;DR for operators An operator can shift priorities from throughput to energy saving in a sentence. The network still has to make feasible power decisions every transmission slot. Agentic-LTPO separates those jobs: a slower agent layer interprets policy and proposes bounded settings, while a deterministic solver retains control of fast execution. In a simulated network where distributed access points jointly serve users, the complete system reports 22.8 cumulative communication utility, compared with 14.5 for static configuration—a 57.2% relative gain. The improvement does not come from letting an LLM control the physical layer directly. Proposed changes pass through structured grounding, retrieval, projection into allowed ranges, criticism, and numerical optimization before affecting the network. ...

TL;DR for operators Neural architecture search is not simply a process for selecting layers, connections, and activation functions. It is a process for comparing trained architecture–weight pairs. That distinction matters because an architecture evaluated with poorly optimized weights may look worse than an inferior architecture whose weights happened to train faster. A search system can therefore become very efficient at ranking the wrong candidates. ...

Routes look clean on a dashboard. A line leaves the depot, touches a sequence of customers, maybe bends toward a charging station, and returns home. The illusion is that route planning is still mostly about drawing the shortest useful line. Electric fleets ruin that illusion rather quickly. A diesel truck can treat refueling as an annoying but usually minor detail. An electric vehicle cannot. Battery capacity turns distance into feasibility. Charging stations turn geography into detours. A route that looks efficient before charging may become expensive after charging; a route that looks wasteful may avoid a much uglier charging pattern. This is why the Electric Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem, or E-CVRP, is not merely the old vehicle-routing problem wearing a green jacket. It is a coupled routing-and-energy problem, and coupling is where algorithms go to lose their innocence. ...