Black Boxes, White Coats: AI Epidemiology and the Art of Governing Without Understanding
A hospital does not need a perfect theory of neural network internals before it can notice that one clinical AI keeps recommending the wrong kind of follow-up. A bank does not need to decode every transformer layer before it can see that a credit assistant behaves oddly around post-bankruptcy applicants. A regulator does not need metaphysics. It needs repeatable measurements. ...