Foundations of AI

How to separate true agent-like systems from straightforward AI workflows, and why most business use cases should start simpler.

A practical framework for understanding the economic trade-offs of AI systems, including model cost, response speed, review effort, and business payoff.

A compact historical reference for the major phases, breakthroughs, and shifts that shaped modern AI.

A curated guide to textbooks, authors, websites, and papers for readers who want to study transformer internals, attention math, fine-tuning, GPU optimization, and benchmarking in more depth.